EC beboet Lundbeck en generieken voor vertraagde markttoegang generieke medicijnen
Uit't persbericht: The European Commission has imposed a fine of € 93,8 million on Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck and fines totalling € 52,2 million on several producers of generic medicines. In 2002, Lundbeck agreed with each of these companies to delay the market entry of cheaper generic versions of Lundbeck's branded citalopram, a blockbuster antidepressant. These agreements violated EU antitrust rules that prohibit anticompetitive agreements (Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – TFEU). These generic companies were notably Alpharma (now part of Zoetis), Merck KGaA/Generics UK (Generics UK is now part of Mylan), Arrow (now part of Actavis), and Ranbaxy.
Commission Vice-President Joaquín Almunia, in charge of competition policy, said: "It is unacceptable that a company pays off its competitors to stay out of its market and delay the entry of cheaper medicines. Agreements of this type directly harm patients and national health systems, which are already under tight budgetary constraints. The Commission will not tolerate such anticompetitive practices".
Citalopram is a blockbuster antidepressant medicine and was Lundbeck's best-selling product at the time. After Lundbeck's basic patent for the citalopram molecule had expired, it only held a number of related process patents which provided a more limited protection. Producers of cheaper, generic versions of citalopram therefore had the possibility to enter the market. Indeed, one of them had actually started selling its own generic version of citalopram and several other producers had made serious preparations to do so.
Experience shows that effective generic competition drives prices down significantly, reducing dramatically the profits of the producer of the branded product and bringing large benefits to patients. For example, prices of generic citalopram dropped on average by 90% in the UK compared to Lundbeck's previous price level once wide-spread generic market entry took place following the discontinuation of the agreements.
But instead of competing, the generic producers agreed with Lundbeck in 2002 not to enter the market in return for substantial payments and other inducements from Lundbeck amounting to tens of millions of euros. Internal documents refer to a "club" being formed and "a pile of $$$" to be shared among the participants. Lundbeck paid significant lump sums, purchased generics' stock for the sole purpose of destroying it, and offered guaranteed profits in a distribution agreement. The agreements gave Lundbeck the certainty that the generics producers would stay out of the market for the duration of the agreements without giving the generic producers any guarantee of market entry thereafter. These agreements are very different from other settlements of patent disputes where generic companies are not simply paid off to stay out of the market.
The Commission based its fines on its 2006 Guidelines on fines (see IP/06/857 and MEMO/06/256). In setting the level of the fines, the Commission took into account the duration of each infringement and its gravity. The length of the investigation was taken into account as a mitigating factor. One undertaking applied for a reduction claiming inability to pay the fine under point 35 of the 2006 Fines Guidelines. However, the application did not meet the conditions for a reduction.
Belastingen. Medicijnen. Korting, lening, uitdeling. Eiser is apotheker van beroep. In 1998 is hij directeur en enig aandeelhouder van [A] Beheer B.V.. Kortingen - wegens leveranties van medicijnen - zijn niet in de administratie verantwoord, maar zijn aan belanghebbende in privé uitbetaald. De kortingen zijn terecht als uitdelingen aan belanghebbende aangemerkt. Het Hof acht het niet aannemelijk dat er sprake was van een lening van belanghebbende aan de B.V., maar een uitdeling.
The European Medicines Agency has released the sixth revision of the
Artikel 843A Rv, gewichtige redenen, het recht op bescherming van persoonsgegevens betreft geen absoluut recht zodat niet zonder meer kan worden geconcludeerd dat de geheimhoudingsplicht ex artikel 12 Wpb een gewichtige reden oplevert.
In´t kort: Gemeenschapsmodellenrecht. Groente en fruit. De hartvormige tomaat is het resultaat van een arbeidsintensief proces. De tomaten die uit dit proces voortkomen zijn identiek aan elkaar en zien eruit zoals weergegeven. Hoger beroep van een weigering tot inschrijving van de vorm van een tomaat als gemeenschapsmodel. Volgens de Kamer van Beroep geldt een levend organisme niet als voortbrengsel in de zin van artikel 3 onder a) en b) van de Verordening.
Vraag 5 - Vindt u het verantwoord dat kleinschalige zorginstellingen de dupe worden, omdat veel geld opgaat aan dure keurmerken, terwijl dit geld eigenlijk bestemd is voor zorg? Wilt u uw antwoord toelichten?